The unprecedented sanction pressure from the collective West on the Russian Federation, which intensified in 2022, has led to a global transformation of the Russian economy. The Russian economy has been operating under sanctions for a considerable time, yet the academic debate regarding the effectiveness of these restrictive measures remains unresolved. Expert opinions on this issue are often contradictory. On the one hand, the Russian economy has incurred significant costs; on the other hand, sanctions have served as a driver for the development of many industries. The objective of this article is to provide a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the sanctions imposed on Russia. To achieve this objective, the study aims to systematize approaches to evaluating sanction efficacy, analyze expert opinions on the success of the anti-Russia restrictions, develop a methodology for the quantitative assessment of sanction effectiveness, analyze statistical data to score the indicators in accordance with the developed methodology and conduct a survey of expert community. The scientific framework for measuring sanction effectiveness incorporates a system of categorical indicator assessment. The conceptual foundation of this system was laid by G. Hufbauer; this article expands and refines the indicators influencing sanction success. The presented methodology for evaluating these indicators is based on widely recognized economic, political, and social metrics and indices. The analysis of statistical indicators enabled a quantitative assessment of each parameter, determining the potential effectiveness of the sanctions against Russia to be 61%. The representativeness of the parameter estimates is verified by comparing the results of the author's method with expert survey data and calculating their statistical average. The obtained results suggest a possible intensification of the negative effects of the sanction regime in the long term. The practical significance of the research lies in providing a rationale for government authorities to shift the focus from successful short-term adaptation to long-term strategic planning aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the sanctions.

This article examines entrepreneurship as an object of institutional and economic analysis, focusing on the problem of its professionalization in the contemporary Russian economy. It is argued that despite the high socioeconomic significance of entrepreneurship and its recognition as a factor in economic growth and competitive development, institutional uncertainty regarding its professional status remains. This circumstance limits the potential for the systematic reproduction of the entrepreneurial stratum and reduces the effectiveness of entrepreneurial education as a tool for developing competitive human capital. The study employs methods of institutional analysis, comparative analysis, and the synthesis of theoretical and empirical materials. Based on an analysis of theoretical approaches to entrepreneurship research, Russian educational practices, and international entrepreneurship training models, key institutional and educational gaps hindering the development of entrepreneurship as a sustainable professional activity are identified. It is shown that fragmented educational programs, the lack of an institutionally enshrined professional standard for entrepreneurship, and the inconsistency of economic and educational policies lead to the erosion of the entrepreneur's professional identity and limit the development of long-term competitive advantages at the industry and market levels. It is concluded that the professionalization of entrepreneurship and the alignment of educational mechanisms with the institutional conditions for its reproduction are an important area for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, developing entrepreneurial human capital and creating conditions for sustainable renewal of the entrepreneurial environment.

In 2016, Federal Law no. 273-FZ entered into force, introducing a number of significant amendments to the so-called Law on Trade (no. 381-FZ), adopted in 2009 and the central law regulating trade activities in the Russian Federation. This article assesses the impact of the 2016 amendments on the situation of suppliers to retail chains. Its relevance and novelty stem from the significant regulatory asymmetry currently observed between online platforms and traditional retail chains amid the rapid growth of marketplaces. The paper formulates hypotheses regarding the impact of Federal Law no. 273 on suppliers' commercial expenses, based on a detailed review of legislation, analytics, and empirical research. The findings demonstrate the lack of a sustainable long-term effect of the 2016 amendments, the presence of a short-term decline in commercial expenses for food suppliers in 2017, and a widening gap between large and small suppliers. While some of the restrictions are offset by changes in contract structures, they may hinder competition between chains and marketplaces. The conclusions emphasize that the current provisions of the Law on Trade do not guarantee the equalization of bargaining power and require revision, taking into account digitalization and the development of marketplaces. The theoretical significance of this work lies in clarifying the mechanisms by which industry regulation influences the distribution of commercial costs and bargaining power in vertical relations, while its practical significance lies in providing a basis for amending trade legislation and developing more symmetrical competition rules for offline retail chains and marketplaces.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of antitrust regulation of the pharmaceutical industry under sanctions restrictions. Unlike existing approaches, the authors consider the interaction of exogenous factors (sanctions) and endogenous regulatory mechanisms (antitrust legislation) as a unified system requiring comprehensive analysis. An empirical analysis of statistical data for the period 2022–2024 on pharmaceutical drugs with patent protection expiring in 2024–2026 is conducted. The methods used include structural analysis of market segments, price dynamics analysis, and concentration assessment by distribution channels. The necessity of adapting traditional methods of antitrust control to the specifics of pharmaceutical markets functioning under external restrictions is substantiated. The author draws attention to the formation of asymmetric competition conditions, where market access is determined not only by economic but also by geopolitical factors. Data on the dominance of government distribution channels (hospitals and preferential programs account for more than 55% of the market in terms of sales) and significant volatility of the main indicators of the industry (10.6% decline in sales in 2023 followed by 25.8% growth in 2024) are provided. Differentiated impact of sanctions on various market segments is revealed, particularly critical reduction in high-cost nosologies volumes. Average price growth in certain segments up to 39% is noted. The obtained results confirm the conclusions of previous studies about the need for comprehensive industry stimulation, while simultaneously revealing new aspects of the interaction between sanctions restrictions and competitive environment. It is noted that traditional market concentration indicators may not reflect the real competitive situation under new conditions, requiring the development of adapted antitrust analysis methods.

This article analyses potential markets for diversification of non-resource non-energy exports under sanctions. The African continent, though insufficiently studied at the micro level, is considered strategically promising for reorientation of export flows. The study focuses on the entry of Russian exporters of NSE into the markets of African countries from the point of assessing opportunities and risks. Systematisation and assessment of the effectiveness of measures of state financial support of exporters when entering new markets is also examined in the study. The shift from studying the African vector at macro-strategic analysis of this direction to microeconomic and practice-oriented levels is also highlighted. In the framework of this study, the barriers to entry into African markets are identified, taking into account the local specifics. The result of the study is a three-stage model of the life cycle of entering the international market proposed by the authors with recommendations for exporting companies. The study includes the description of statistical data, comparative analysis of tariff and non-tariff barriers using the examples of key countries of the region under study, and functional analysis of state support measures. The results of the study showed that the entry of Russian NSE into African markets is associated with significant opportunities, as well as with some serious risks. A thorough micro-level analysis and integration of a wide range of state support instruments are proposed as recommendations for exporters.

The study aims to develop the theory of entrepreneurship and the economics of innovation through the lens of the sustainable development and ESG transformation concept. The subject of the research is the process of fundamental change in a firm's business model and management system, aimed at integrating environmental, social, and governance factors. The object of the research is a firm as an innovative and entrepreneurial entity in the context of a new economic paradigm. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate the revision of the key determinants of a company's competitive advantage and long-term value in the context of ESG transformation. The scientific task is to develop a conceptual model that reveals the mechanism of transformation of ESG factors from a risk management element into a strategic resource that forms new barriers to entry and sources of rent in the innovation economy. Methods of system analysis, modeling, scenario analysis, and comparative analysis were used to conduct the research. As a result, the following main results can be noted. The concept of ESG transformation as an economic imperative has been unified, and key value and risk drivers have been identified. A structure for cost-benefit analysis is presented, demonstrating that the integration of ESG principles is a strategic investment, repaid through risk management, access to "green capital", and the strengthening of intangible assets. A framework for integrating climate scenarios into a valuation model has been developed, overcoming the limitations of traditional financial models. The theoretical contribution is to develop the theory of entrepreneurship and the economics of innovation by integrating the concept of ESG transformation into the analysis of sources of competitive advantage and the dynamics of industry competition. A model is proposed where sustainability is not an external constraint, but the core of an innovative business model that rebuilds value chains and the competitive landscape. The study concludes with recommendations for firms in the aspect of ESG transformation.

Education is a strategic priority for the state, with youth development and civic upbringing being its integral component. Russia is currently undergoing parallel processes of reforming its entire education system and revitalizing the system of youth policy and educational work in universities. These large-scale transformations, accompanied by increased funding, a growing number of objectives, and a wider range of involved stakeholders, significantly complicate the management of youth policy at the institutional level. Existing approaches are often fragmented and fail to provide the necessary efficiency under these new conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of scholarly literature, demonstrating that existing research predominantly focuses on specific areas of youth policy implementation in higher education institutions, analysis of its content, or its management at the municipal, regional, or national levels. Simultaneously, there is a discernible lack of scientific developments in youth policy management at the level of an individual higher education institution that would enable the formation of universal approaches to building an effective management system for youth policy within a university. In this context, the development of universal management models capable of systematizing processes, harmonizing the interests of multiple stakeholders, and enhancing the effectiveness of educational activities is of particular relevance and novelty. The high-level model for managing youth policy and educational work in higher education institutions, developed by the author, holds both theoretical and practical significance. Given its generalized nature, this model can be used for further scientific research and the development of detailed approaches to managing youth policy in universities. It can also be applied in designing a management system for a specific HEI, serving as a foundation for such efforts. The article argues that a youth policy management model for a university must account for the specific features of youth policy as an object of management. Furthermore, it should incorporate a project selection mechanism, a classificatory framework defining the boundaries of youth policy as a managed object, a design algorithm, a set of youth policy management functions, a system of performance indicators, and a mechanism for adjusting subsequent decisions.