The article, which is based on a multidisciplinary approach to the methodology of functional theory of entrepreneurship, consistently examines the specifics of entrepreneurial functionalism. The main goal of the article is to identify the dialectics of the labor and ownership principles of entrepreneurial functionalism, where these principles interact with each other. The key objectives are to harmonize the labor and ownership interpretations of entrepreneurship, as well as to refute non-labor and non-ownership approaches to the study of entrepreneurship. The article distinguishes between the external and internal functionality of entrepreneurial activities. The author's previously formulated provisions on the composition of professional entrepreneurial functions as functions of creation, development, completion, and current business management are being developed. The functional interpretation of entrepreneurial activity becomes a platform for studying the content of entrepreneurship as a type of labor activity and a type of ownership activity. The article presents arguments about the error of excluding entrepreneurship from the register of types of labor activity, as well as the illegitimacy of ignoring the ownership issue when formulating the essence of entrepreneurship. It is shown that the object of the social demand for entrepreneurship is a complex socially necessary and useful entrepreneurial labor, responsibly and conscientiously carried out by the owners and supreme managers of their business. The article concludes that the labor and ownership principles of entrepreneurship are mutually interconnected in the course of performing entrepreneurial functions. It is stated that society sees entrepreneurs not only as dedicated individuals and subjects of the activities it needs, but also as business owners authorized to carry out these activities effectively in a competitive environment on a regular or systematic basis.

The article examines cross-subsidization in airports as an incentive to refrain from the exercise of market power and avoid setting excessive airport charges. The study is relevant as the traditional treatment of airports as natural monopolies presumes that an airport operator has incentives to increase airport charges, meanwhile commercialization and growing importance of non-aeronautical services provide incentives to reduce charges for aeronautical services and not to exploit market power. The study develops a stylized airport profit-maximization model using a vertical-structural approach that distinguishes rent and platform pricing logics and derives threshold conditions under which aeronautical services are cross-subsidized by revenues from non-aeronautical services. The results show that the optimal level of an airport charge decreases as non-aeronautical revenue per passenger increases. The paper also systematizes the factors determining the profitability of non-aeronautical services. In addition, the article adds to the debate widely represented in the airport economics literature on whether the disciplining effect of commercialization is sufficient to argue against ex ante economic regulation. The article also provides the practical application of the model in a counterfactual setting: using financial statements for 5 Russian airports, the study assesses threshold values under which a platform business model is economically justified. The paper concludes that a divergence between private and social optima is not sufficient justification per se for introducing ex ante economic regulation.

In recent years, Russia has seen many changes in its fuel market regulations, including the introduction of a large tax maneuver and a damping mechanism, as well as quasi-directive control over retail prices. These changes have placed an increased burden on the federal budget and increased uncertainty for oil companies. The purpose of this study was to identify patterns and consequences of different pricing regulation models in fuel markets to improve the Russian regulatory framework. The study analyzed structural options for regulating fuel markets in 149 countries and classified pricing models. Based on this analysis, optimal tools were identified for improving Russia's current model. It was found that direct forms of price regulation are typical in developing countries, used as a means of maintaining social stability. However, this can lead to fiscal risks for government budgets. The Russian model is not immune to these risks. Comparison with the experience of countries with similar institutional characteristics supports the effectiveness of more liberalized pricing models. These models increase the adaptability of the economic system and maintain a balance between social stability and economic benefits for businesses. The transition to a more liberalized form of pricing regulation can be achieved through a gradual process of removing the damping mechanism. This can be done by introducing targeted subsidies for consumers and revising fuel excise rates based on the oil price.

The relevance of this study is driven by the rapid growth of collaborative robotics adoption across various industries and the need to understand long-term trends for developing an effective technological development strategy. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state and development prospects of the global and Russian collaborative robotics markets, identifying key growth drivers, technological trends, adoption barriers, and assessing their impact on the transformation of industrial automation. To achieve this goal, the paper addresses the following objectives: assess the current size and structure of the global cobot market; analyze market development forecasts by region and application industry; systematize the barriers and limitations to collaborative robotics development; identify key technological trends and innovations in collaborative robotics; compare global market development forecasts; analyze, evaluate the potential and specifics of the Russian collaborative robotics market. The methodological framework of the study comprises general scientific methods of synthesis and analysis, statistical data processing, content analysis of open sources and peer-reviewed scientific publications. The object of the study is the global and Russian collaborative robotics markets operating under industrial digital transformation. The subject of the study is the set of managerial relationships, mechanisms, and methods for identifying, interpreting, and integrating key global patterns, vectors, and trajectories of scientific and technological development in the field of robotics adoption. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying, formalizing, and systematically highlighting new development trends in the global collaborative robot market.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of digital transformation of organizations. The key concepts and classifications are analyzed, highlighting D. Winter's approaches, the interpretative approach, the process approach, the OMI classification, the basic technology approach, technological intensity, and others. The typologization of digital changes in an organization makes it possible to understand the depth of the phenomenon of transformation itself, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of deterministic approaches. As the number of digital transformations in organizations increases and the associated cost of implementing digital technologies increases, the importance of a deep understanding of the nature of transformational changes increases. As part of the work, the author proposed a new typology of digital transformation that combines various classification features and is applicable in the context of dynamic transformations in the organization, which is typical for developing systems. A practical tool for implementing the proposed classification is the digital transformation matrix, which reveals the essence of frontal, structural and process changes in the implementation of digital initiatives. The combination of the control object with the type of technology used can form various types of dynamic changes. The research results have the potential to be used for practical business analysis purposes in the planning and implementation of complex digital change projects in organizations. Also, the main conclusions of the work can be applied for further scientific research of the phenomenon of digital transformation in all its diversity.

This article continues the topic of correlation between the tasks of managing your own business and personal sales skills, which the author started in one of his previous publications. The article provides a ationale for the direct relationship between an entrepreneur's ability to make personal sales and success in relation to the core professional competencies of his business. It is shown that the role of personal sales is largely determined by the specifics of an individual business. To do this, the types of business monetization are divided into two different groups with a focus on mass sales and individual personal sales, where the direct participation of the seller is mandatory. The analysis shows that these are indeed two different models, which, however, have a lot in common with each other and often turn out to be mutually necessary for the success of a business in the market. On the other hand, the study provides an explanation for why a business owner often fails to effectively carry out personal sales. A comparative table of the positions of the owner of his own business and a professional seller highlights the deep and sometimes extremely emotional connection of the owner with his business and his value proposition to the market. On the contrary, the professional seller's attitude to the subject of the transaction turns out to be quite unbiased, his attention and efforts are focused more on the client and his needs. Thus, the thesis of the need to master the competencies of the sales profession by the owner of his own business is confirmed. Empirical evidence of this fact is provided from the experience of his own teaching practice at the Synergy University. Thus, as an important conclusion, the basic postulate is formulated about the need to combine the subject of personal sales training with a general training program for professional entrepreneurs.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are a crucial factor in socio-economic development and therefore a special subject for government regulation and support. As a result, both in international practice and in Russia, special conditions, including tax and institutional ones, have been created for SMEs. At the same time, important legislative changes were adopted at the end of 2025, which may significantly affect the operation of SMEs, including in terms of increased tax burden. The article discusses possible ways to mitigate the tax burden for small businesses and also suggests options for how the increased tax burden can be compensated by improving institutional conditions, which are equally important for the favorable business climate.