The Price Discrimination on the Shortage Markets: Theoretical Analysis

Antitrust law includes a number of evaluation norms in system of commodity market analysis and proofs of anti-competitive behavior, which provide for using wide range of economics and marketing methods. The widest field of discussing embedded in definition “price discrimination”. Specific research interest presents the making recommendations of regulation of shortage markets with unfounded differences in prices. This question we propose to consider in two articles: in first article we make theoretical analysis of price discrimination in situation of shortage markets, in second article (will be published in no. 4) we analyze marketing aspects and system of sales stimulation, which the seller accomplish on the shortage markets. In the focus of this research is price discrimination as a market mechanism and shortage markets as a market anomaly. The shortage markets in contrast of shortage on the market occurs not for reason that price is below the equilibrium level. The main reason of genesis of shortage markets is speculative demand on the markets and/or difficulties in producing goods and services. These difficulties often set by outside shocks. Price discrimination undergoing of effect of long-run shortage on markets transforming in phenomenon, which damages of consumer wealth and entrepreneurs benefits. In addition, this type of price discrimination decrease the social welfare too. The risks of price discrimination in the case of shortage markets needed new decisions and methods of regulation by state. However now we do not see some consensus in the issue of principles and instruments of state regulation of shortage markets. In the article we try to approbate some scientific results. These results are the hybrid definition of price discrimination; the legislative definitions of price discrimination as a acts which limiting competition; the criteria of functioning of shortage markets; proofs of transforming markets through the impact of long-run shortage; the difference between the case of shortage markets and the case of shortage on the markets in the classical demand-supply model; costs of price discrimination on the shortage markets; perspective antitrust regulation of price discrimination on the shortage markets.

1. Князева И. В. Сцилла и Харибда антимонопольного правоприменения в условиях социально- экономического кризиса, вызванного пандемией COVID-19 // Современная конкуренция. 2020. Т. 14. № 2 (78). С. 5-25.

2. Макконнелл К. P. Экономикс: принципы, проблемы и политика: учебник / К. Р. Макконнелл, С. Л. Брю, Ш. М. Флинн; пер. с англ. - 19-е изд. - М.: ИНФРА-М, 2018. - 1056 с.

3. Varian H. Price discrimination. - In book: Handbook of Industrial Organization / ed. by R. Schmalensee, R. Willig. 1989. Vol. 1. Ch. 10. P. 597-654.

4. Stigler G. Theory of price. - New York: Macmillan, 1987. - 384 p.

5. Латышев А. Ю. Механизм ценовой дискриминации в хозяйственной деятельности крупных корпорация России // Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2015. № 18 (373). С. 199-209.

6. Pigou A. C. The economics of welfare. - London: Macmillan, 1920. - 976 p.

7. Ioan C. A., Ioan G. Aspects of price discrimination in the monopoly // Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica. Danubius University of Galati, 2012. No. 3 (3). P. 101-112.

8. Nahata B., Kokovin S., Zhelobodko E. Comparison between second and third degree price discrimination // SSRN Electronic Journal. 2006. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228288846_Comparison_Between_ Second_and_Third_Degree_Price_Discrimination (дата обращения: 25.06.2021). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.904383.

9. Смирнова О. О. Ценовая дискриминация и рыночная власть фирмы: теоретический анализ // Крымский научный вестник. 2015. № 3. С. 25-33.

10. Mehra Salil K. Antitrust and the robo-seller: competition in the time of algorithms // Minnesota Law Review. 2016. URL: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=mlr (дата обращения: 25.06.2021).

11. Escobari D., Rupp N. G., Meskey J. An analysis of dynamic price discrimination in airlines // SSRN Electronic Journal. 2018. URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/88287/(дата обращения: 25.06.2021).

12. Simshauser P. Report. Energy policy research group. University of Cambridge, 2018. URL: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/resrep30439 (дата обращения: 06.05.2021).

13. Zhao Y. Price dispersion in the grocery market // The Journal of Business. 2006. Vol. 79. No. 3. P. 1175-1192. DOI: 10.1086/500673.

14. Торбенко А. М. Ценовая политика продавцов в моделях пространственной конкуренции (на примере рынка сортового проката) // Пространственная экономика. 2014. № 4. С. 39-55.

15. Armstrong M. Price discrimination // MPRA. Paper 4693. Germany, University Library of Munich, 2006. URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4693/1/MPRA_paper_4693.pdf (дата обращения: 25.06.2021).

16. Levine M. E. Price discrimination without market power // Yale Journal on Regulation. 2001. Vol. 19. No. 1. URL: https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1113&context=yjreg (дата обращения: 25.06.2021). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.224947.

17. Nalebuff B. Bundling as a Way to Leverage Monopoly. 2004. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228179133_Bundling_as_a_Way_to_Leverage_Monopoly (дата обращения: 25.06.2021).

18. Gottlieb D., Kent S. Lapse-based insurance. 2014. URL: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.wustl.edu/dist/c/547/files/2019/12/Lapse-Based-Insurance.pdf (дата обращения: 06.05.2021).

19. Grubb M. D. Overconfident consumers in the marketplace // The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2015. Vol. 29. No. 4. P. 9-36.

20. Kfir E., Spiegler R. Consumer optimism and price discrimination // Theoretical Economics. 2008. No. 3. P. 459-497.

21. Ивлева В. С., Сюпова М. С. Ценовая дискриминация и ее воздействие на общественное благосостояние // Ученые заметки ТОГУ. 2017. Т. 8. № 2. С. 75-79.

22. Geradin D., Petit N. Price discrimination under EC competition law: another antitrust doctrine in search of limiting principles? // Journal of Competition Law and Economics. Oxford University Press, 2006. Vol. 2. No. 3. P. 479-531.

23. Шаститко А. А. Ценовая дискриминация: экономическая теория и практика правоприменения // Современная конкуренция. 2018. T. 12. № 6 (72). С. 27-37.

24. Шмаков А. В., Петров С. П. Определение оптимальной величины штрафов за нарушение антимонопольного законодательства // Terra Economicus. 2012. Т. 10. № 2. С. 85-94.

25. Akerlof G. A. The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism // The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1970. Vol. 84. No. 3. P. 488-500.

26. Бекбергенева Д. Е. Особенности ценообразования на различных типах рынка // Экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. 2017. № 12. С. 39-42.