The paper deals with the competitiveness of the largest companies of the Russian Federation with the aim of evaluation the efficiency of economic activity both public and private companies. It is shown that the most relevant method for evaluating the competitive status of a business entities is a dynamic method of assessing the competitiveness. Outlined its basic principles and the mathematical apparatus. Described in detail the methodology for the collection and preparation of information for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises dynamic method. The calculations for evaluating the competitiveness of the largest companies in the Russian Federation by the end of 2016. The analysis of competitiveness by industry, noted the competitive advantages and disadvantages of their member companies. In the calculations they provide an analytical interpretation of the results in the context of comparative analysis of the efficiency of the public and private sectors of the russian economy. The author has shown that in modern Russian conditions, private companies are not always more competitive than the state, on what basis it is concluded that premature privatization of state assets could lead to the reduction of the domestic national product and the loss of competitiveness of Russian assets in the international arena. In conclusion, the authors defined the directions for further research on the subject.