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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">moco</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная конкуренция / Journal of Modern Competition</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Modern Competition</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-7598</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-0657</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Московский университет «Синергия»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">SCQUXF</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">moco-604</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трансформации антимонопольной политики в сфере борьбы со сговором в странах переходной экономики: Россия, Украина, Казахстан</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transformation of antitrust policy in transition economies: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan. Collusion problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>А.В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">andreymakarovh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ ВШЭ, г. Москва</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Faculty of Economics, HSE</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макаров А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макаров А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makarov A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.moderncompetition.ru/jour/article/view/604">https://www.moderncompetition.ru/jour/article/view/604</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье рассматриваются трансформации антимонопольной политики в отношении сговора в странах переходной экономики, предлагается схема институционального анализа. В частности, рассматриваются проблемы: разграничение типов нарушений (в том числе явный vs молчаливый сговор, горизонтальные vs вертикальные соглашения), жесткость запретов (принципы «per se» vs «rule of reason»), дизайн системы санкций, программы освобождения от наказания и т. д. Проанализирован опыт России, Украины и Казахстана в сфере борьбы со сговором, включая как особенности законодательства, так и правоприменительную практику, показаны проблемы, остающиеся актуальными для стран переходной экономики в этой сфере. В том числе проанализированы проблемы межведомственного взаимодействия и стандартов доказательств по делам о сговоре.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article focuses on the development of antitrust policy in transition economies in the context of preventing explicit and tacit collusion. Experience of Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine in the creation of antitrust institutions was analyzed, including both legislation and enforcement practice, in particular, unique features in the use of «rule of reason» approach. Also were shown problems that still remain actual for transition economies in this area, including the problem of cooperation between competition authority and police system and the standard of proof problem in the case of collusion.These countries in the early 90th were in similar socio-economic conditions and were forced to create completely new institutions in the field of protection of competition. It is shown that existing quantitative ratings of competition can’t be regarded as certain final assessment of the effectiveness of antitrust policy. The article proposes a special approach to evaluation of preventing collusion mechanisms, based on the institutional analysis. This approach takes into account such enforcement problems as: classification problems (tacit vs explicit collusion, vertical vs horizontal agreements), flexibility of prohibitions («per se» vs «rule of reason»), design of sanctions, private enforcement challenge, leniency program mechanisms, the role of antitrust authorities, especially in criminal investigation issues etc.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сговор</kwd><kwd>антимонопольная политика</kwd><kwd>программа освобождения от наказания (ПОН)</kwd><kwd>страны переходной экономики</kwd><kwd>россия</kwd><kwd>украина</kwd><kwd>казахстан</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>collusion</kwd><kwd>antitrust policy</kwd><kwd>leniency program</kwd><kwd>transition economies</kwd><kwd>russia</kwd><kwd>ukraine</kwd><kwd>kazakhstan</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicholson M. W. 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